Unsinkable Sam

Oscar
	Portrait of Unsinkable Sam by Georgina Shaw-Baker
Other name(s)	Oscar
Species	Cat
Born	Before 1941
Died	1955; Belfast, Northern Ireland
Employer	Kriegsmarine; Royal Navy;
Notable role	Ship's cat
Years active	1941–1955

Oscar (known by his nickname, Unsinkable Sam, or by the Germanized spelling of his name, Oskar) was a ship's cat who purportedly served during World War II with both the Kriegsmarine and the Royal Navy and survived the sinking of three ships.

History

The cat's original name is unknown. The name "Oscar" was given by the crew of the British destroyer HMS Cossack that rescued him from the sea following the sinking of the German battleship Bismarck. "Oscar" was derived from the International Code of Signals for the letter 'O', which is code for "Man Overboard"^[1] (the German spelling, "Oskar", was sometimes used, since he was a German cat). ^{[citation needed]}

Bismarck

The black-and-white-patched cat was supposedly owned by an unknown crewman of the German battleship Bismarck^[2] and was on board the ship on 18 May 1941 when she set sail on Operation Rheinübung (German for Rhine Exercise), Bismarck's only mission. Bismarck was sunk after a fierce naval battle on 27 May, and only 115 of her crew of over 2,100 survived the engagement. Hours later, Oscar was purportedly found floating on a board and picked from the water by the British destroyer HMS Cossack.^[3]^: 142 Unaware of what his name had been on Bismarck, the crew of Cossack named their new mascot "Oscar".^[3]^: 142

HMS Cossack

The cat served on board Cossack for the next few months as the ship carried out convoy escort duties in the Mediterranean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean. On 24 October 1941, Cossack was escorting a convoy from Gibraltar to Great Britain when she was severely damaged by a torpedo fired by the German submarine U-563.^[3]^: 170 The initial explosion had blown off one third of the forward section of the ship, killing 159 of the crew; however, Oscar survived this, too, and was subsequently brought to the shore establishment in Gibraltar.^[3]^: 170 The crew were transferred to the destroyer HMS Legion, and an attempt was made to tow the badly listing Cossack back to Gibraltar. However, worsening weather conditions meant the task became impossible and had to be abandoned. On 27 October, a day after the tow was slipped, Cossack sank to the west of Gibraltar.

HMS Ark Royal

Now nicknamed "Unsinkable Sam", the cat was soon transferred to the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal, which coincidentally had been instrumental in the destruction of Bismarck (along with Cossack). However, Sam was to find no better luck there, and when returning from Malta on 14 November 1941, the ship was torpedoed, this time by U-81. Attempts were also made to tow Ark Royal to Gibraltar, but the inflow of water made the task futile. The carrier rolled over and sank 30 miles from Gibraltar. The slow rate at which the ship sank meant that all but one of the crew could be saved. The survivors, including Sam, who had been found clinging to a floating plank by the crew of a motor launch^[4] and described as "angry but quite unharmed",^[5] were transferred to HMS Lightning^[6] and the same HMS Legion which had rescued the crew of Cossack. Legion would itself be sunk in 1942, while the Lightning would be sunk in 1943.

The loss of Ark Royal proved the end of Sam's shipborne career. He was transferred first to the offices of the Governor of Gibraltar and then sent back to the United Kingdom, where he saw out the remainder of the war living in a seaman's home in Belfast called the "Home for Sailors".^[3]^: 173 Sam died in 1955.^[7] A pastel portrait of Sam by the artist Georgina Shaw-Baker (1860–1951)^[8] is in the possession of the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich.^[4]

Historicity

Some authorities question whether Oscar/Sam's biography might be a "sea story", because – for example – there are pictures of two different cats identified as Oscar/Sam.^[9]

There is no mention of this incident in Ludovic Kennedy's detailed account of the sinking of the Bismarck, suggesting that information later gleaned from sailors regarding the cat's true service was apocryphal. There were only a limited number of human survivors, as British ships had to abandon picking up survivors as there was believed to be a U-boat in the area.^[10]

References

^ Butkus, Venantas (8 July 2011). "The fame of ships' cats". jura.diena.lt. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
^ Stall, Sam (2007), 100 Cats Who Changed Civilization: History's Most Influential Felines, Quirk Books, pp. 57–58, ISBN 978-1-59474-163-0
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Piekałkiewicz, Janusz (1987). Sea War 1939-1945. Blandford. ISBN 0713716657. OCLC 15197891.
^ ^a ^b THE SINKING OF HMS ARK ROYAL, archived from the original on 2021-05-02, retrieved 2021-05-02
^ Jameson, William (2004), Ark Royal: The Life of an Aircraft Carrier at War 1939-41, Periscope Publishing, p. 348, ISBN 1-904381-27-8
^ Dann,John & Gilroy Eric, Struck by Lightning, (2012), Story of HMS Lightning 1941-43 ISBN 978-178035-480-4
^ Stall, Sam (2007), 100 Cats Who Changed Civilization: History's Most Influential Felines, Quirk Books, pp. 57–58, ISBN 1-59474-163-8
^ "Baker, Georgina Shaw, 1860–1951 | Art UK".
^ Baker, Georgina Shaw. "Item #PAJ2744: Oscar, Cat From the German Battleship Bismarck – Private Collections of the National Maritime Museum" (Framed drawing in pastel, 785 × 610 mm). Royal Museums Greenwich. London, UK. Some doubt has been cast on Oscar's origins on the Bismarck both for practical reasons, including there being no survivor account of him there, and because two contradictory photos exist.
^ Kennedy, Ludovic (2001). Pursuit: The Chase and Sinking of the Bismarck. Cassell & Co. ISBN 0304355267. OCLC 45828404.